Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2013 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 6 Articles
Hydrogeochemical assessments were carried\r\nout in the vicinity of Okpara coal and Obwetti fireclay\r\nmines, Enugu, Nigeria to investigate the hydrogeochemical\r\ncharacteristics and constituents of shallow groundwater. A\r\ntotal of 12 representative shallow groundwater samples\r\nwere collected and analyzed for major cations and anions\r\nas well as trace metals like Fe and Mn. Distribution of\r\nmajor ions in these groundwater samples was calculated\r\nand the general trend among cations and anions was found\r\nto be Ca ? Na ? Mg ? K and SO4 ? NO3 ? Cl ?\r\nHCO3, respectively. This means that water moving through\r\nthe ground will react to varying degrees with the surrounding\r\nminerals (and other components), and it is these\r\nrockââ?¬â??water interactions that give the water its characteristic\r\nchemistry. Piper trilinear diagrams classified the hydrogeochemical\r\nfacies into Caââ?¬â??Mgââ?¬â??Cl, Caââ?¬â??Feââ?¬â??Mgââ?¬â??SO4 and\r\nCaââ?¬â??Mgââ?¬â??Naââ?¬â??Kââ?¬â??Clââ?¬â??SO4 water types. Ratios of Cl to Na, K\r\nand Mg generally increased compared to those of Cl to Ca\r\nand SO4 which decreased indicating ion adsorption/\r\nexchange processes due to the dissolution of drainage\r\nmaterials. The aquiferous units mainly in the northwestern\r\nregion of the study area yield water of better quality than\r\nthose toward the southeastern region....
The electrochemical degradation of industrial wastewater has become an attractive method in recent years. In this work simulated dye wastewater containing vat dye C.I. Vat Orange 2 is degraded from electrochemical method using graphite carbon electrodes. The experimental results indicated that initial pH, current density and supporting electrolytes were played an important role in the degradation of dye. Electrochemical behavior of dye has been studied with cyclic voltammetry in basic medium using glassy carbon as working electrode. The potentials selected for the dye was in the range-0.4 to-1.2 V. The UV-Vis and chemical oxygen demand (COD) studies were selected to evaluate the degradation efficiency. The maximum colour removal efficiency of 99.24% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 72.26% could be achieved for dye, at 25 g L-1 of NaCl concentration. The LC-MS and FTIR studies revealed the degradation of dye and confirmed that aromatic rings were destroyed. The results revealed the suitability of the present process for the effective degradation of dye C.I. Vat Orange 2....
This study investigates existing water supply\r\nscenario, and evaluates the performance of pond sand filter\r\n(PSF) in meeting drinking water demand of Dacope\r\nUpazila in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Questionnaire\r\nsurvey to the villagers reveals that PSF is the major\r\ndrinking water sources (38 %) of the study area followed\r\nby tubewells (30.4 %), rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems\r\n(12.6 %), ponds (10.3 %) and others (8.7 %). The\r\nspot test and laboratory analysis show that odour, colour,\r\npH, dissolved oxygen, hardness, calcium, magnesium,\r\nnitrate, sulphate and phosphate of the PSFs water meet\r\nBangladesh standard. The efficiency of PSF in reducing\r\ntotal dissolved solids (TDS) (15 %) and potassium (8.2 %)\r\nis not enough to meet the standard of 20 % PSFs for TDS\r\nand one-third PSFs for potassium. The study proves that\r\nPSF is unable to remove coliform bacteria by 100 % from\r\nhighly contaminated water. Hence, disinfection should be\r\nadopted before distribution to ensure safe drinking water.\r\nMajority of the PSF�s users (80 %) are either partially\r\nsatisfied or dissatisfied with the existing system. The beneficiary�s\r\nwillingness to pay for drinking water technologies\r\nseems that the combination of PSF and RWH could\r\nensure sustainable drinking water in coastal region of\r\nBangladesh....
Assessments of hydrochemical quality and\r\nrecharge source are critical components of sustainable\r\ngroundwater resources evaluation and management, especially\r\nin complex weathered/fractured crystalline bedrock\r\nterrains. Assessment of the weathered/fractured basement\r\naquifer of Ekiti area, SW-Nigeria was undertaken with\r\nemphasis on hydrochemical quality and stable isotope\r\ncharacterization of shallow groundwater system. The study\r\napproach involved field sampling and in situ measurements\r\nof physico-chemical parameters followed by hydrochemical\r\nand stable isotope analyses of the water samples. In situ\r\nmeasurements revealed EC value of 43ââ?¬â??995 lS/cm\r\n(av 431.96 lS/cm) and total hardness of 31.3ââ?¬â??295.1 mg/L.\r\nThe pH of the water sample ranged from 7.0 to 8.9 (av 8.00).\r\nThe concentrations of the major cations are in the order of\r\nCa2?[K?[Na?[Mg2? with their respective average\r\nvalues of 33.35, 25.61, 24.91 and 8.7 mg/L respectively\r\nwhile that of the anions are in the order of\r\nHCO3\r\n-[Cl-[SO4\r\n2-[NO3\r\n- with their respective\r\naverage values of 165.44, 31.85, 21.27 and 5.44 mg/L\r\nrespectively. However, the results of stable isotope analyses\r\nrevealed d18O value of -4.2 to -2.1 %and dD of -22.3 to\r\n-10.2 %, suggesting meteoric water source (recent precipitation\r\nwater recharging the associated shallow basement\r\naquifer) while the estimated deuterium excess of\r\n6.80ââ?¬â??11.00 % (av 9.6 %) suggested little or no imprint of\r\nkinetic evaporation. Furthermore, the overall hydrochemical\r\nprofiles revealed the main hydrochemical facies as Ca(Mg)-\r\nHCO3 (dominant) and Na(K)-HCO3 (minor) water types\r\nwhich can be attributed to dissolution of minerals in the\r\nvarious rock units in the study area. Conclusively, the overall\r\nhydrochemical and stable isotope evaluations revealed a\r\nrecharge predominantly derived from meteoric (rainfall)\r\nsource while the corresponding low TDS is a reflection of\r\nlow waterââ?¬â??rock interaction and limited migratory history of\r\nthe shallow groundwater system in the study area....
Hydrochemical investigations were carried out\r\nin Bukan area, Northwestern Iran, to assess chemical\r\ncomposition of groundwater. A total of 35 groundwater\r\nsamples were collected and analyzed for major cations and\r\nanions. The domination of cations and anions was in the\r\norder of Na?[Ca2?[Mg2?[K? for cations and\r\nHCO3\r\n-[SO4\r\n2-[Cl- in anions. The similarity between\r\nrock and groundwater chemistries in the recharge area\r\nindicates a significant rock-water interaction. The hydrochemical\r\ntypes Na ? HCO3 ? CL ? Mg and Na ? Cl are\r\nthe predominate forms in the groundwater, followed by\r\nwater Ca ? Mg ? SO4 ? Cl and Ca ? Mg ? HCO3.\r\nAssessment of water samples according to exceeding the\r\npermissible limits prescribed by WHO for drinking purposes\r\nindicated that groundwater in study area is chemically\r\nsuitable for drinking uses. The most dominant classes\r\nC2ââ?¬â??S2, C2ââ?¬â??S1 and C3ââ?¬â??S2 were found in the studied area.\r\nThe salinity hazard for water wells is classified as medium\r\nand high salinity....
Simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic\r\nbiodegradation of lipid-rich wastewater from poultry\r\nindustry with porcine pancreatic lipase at different concentrations\r\n(from 1.0 to 3.0 g L-1) were performed. The\r\nefficiency of the enzymatic pretreatment was measured by\r\nthe Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and formation\r\nof methane. All samples pretreated with lipase\r\nshowed a positive effect on the COD removal and formation\r\nof methane. After 30 days of anaerobic biodegradation\r\nthe methane production varied from 569 �± 95 to\r\n1,101 �± 10 mL for crude wastewater and pretreated at\r\n3.0 g L-1 enzyme, respectively. COD removal of wastewater\r\nsupplemented at different enzyme concentrations\r\nwas found to be threefold higher than crude wastewater.\r\nThe use of lipases seems to be a promising alternative for\r\ntreating lipid-rich wastewaters such as those from the\r\npoultry industry....
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